能源之上是芯片。这些处理器旨在将能源大规模且高效地转化为计算力。AI工作负载需要庞大的并行计算能力、高带宽内存以及快速的互连技术。芯片层的进步决定了AI扩展的速度，以及智能变得可负担的程度。
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Entire professions risk a similar race to the bottom, says Acemoglu, if companies are able to pit workers against one another, each selling their data before someone else can underbid them. “We may also need unionlike organizations that exercise some sort of collective ownership and prevent any kind of simple divide-and-rule strategies by large companies to drive down data prices,” he says. “If there isn’t the legal infrastructure for a data economy of this sort, many of the people who produce the data will be underpaid or, to use a more loaded term, exploited.”